This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work. This work is in the public domain (...) in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work. As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant. (shrink)

Clark, R. L. Facts, fact-correlates, and fact-surrogates.--Heintz, J. The real subject-predicate asymmetry.--Stenius, E. All men are mortal.--Wilson, N. L. Notes on the form of certain elementary facts.--Binkley, R. The ultimate justification of moral rules.--Castañeda, H. Goodness, intentions, and propositions.--Patterson, R. L. An analysis of faith.--Simpson, E. Discrimination as an example of moral irrationality.--Welsh, P. Osborne on the art of appreciation.--Lachs, J. The omnicolored sky: Baylis on perception.--Strawson, P. F. Causation in perception.--Reid, C. L. Charles A. Baylis: a bibliography.

A theory of knowledge.-- Elucidations.-- L'être et le devenir.-- Voltaire on free will.-- A creed for sceptics.

This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work is in the "public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be (...) preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant. (shrink)

This paper explores how adaptive creativity is continuously generated and sustained in living systems. The philosophical frame and motivations for this investigation will be introduced by juxtaposing an actual creative process with current cybernetic efforts to automate creativity. Past and present process philosophers that have critiqued the implicit commitments of these contemporary techniques will set the stage for further investigations. The litmus test of progress in this investigation will be measured against the extension of two concepts: virtuality, as introduced by (...) Gilbert Simondon (On the Mode of the Existence of Technical Objects), and relevant noise, as introduced by Bacigalupi (“Semiogenesis: A Dynamic System Approach to Agency and Structure”). To refine the concepts of virtuality and relevant noise for our purposes, a rigorous theoretical model will be proposed whose intent is to explain veritable unbounded creativity. This model will then serve as a heuristic lens to explore additional extant models, such as the Kuramoto model (Strogatz), that are used to explain empirical observations of adaptive and creative behaviors in a diversity of biological phenomena. Based on these models of biological creativity and the critique of the contemporary cybernetic project, this paper will conclude by outlining the ethical implications of our culture’s current commitments to a cybernetic world view and how we might evolve beyond it. (shrink)

Collingwood's attitude toward literary sources is related to the method of selective excavation. But as an excavator, Collingwood came in for some criticism from his fellow archaeologists. Collingwood's treatment of four historical problems is considered: why Caesar invaded Britain, why Augustus did not, how the Claudian conquest proceeded, and why Hadrian built his wall and vallum. Collingwood concluded that Caesar intended to conquer, Augustus did not, and that the vallum served a civil rather than military purpose. In trying (...) to identify past thought Collingwood approaches literary sources and archaeological remains with particular questions in mind. Questions and answers being correlative, this often amounts to having made up his mind in advance. When he comes to the evidence itself, he sees what he expects to see ; occasionally what he sees is not in fact there. Where Collingwood creates a history, Peter Salway sometimes seems to be summarizing a subject. With Collingwood, however, we more than participate in processes of thought, we actually see the connections. Collingwood makes the real rational, and no historian of Roman Britain has done that better. (shrink)

Este artigo tem como objetivo resgatar o Brasil de Darwin por meio das obras dos pintores viajantes Augustus Earle (1793-1838) e Conrad Martens (1801-1878). Os locais por onde passou, a beleza da floresta tropical, os horrores do sistema escravista narrados por Darwin em seu diário, estão presentes nas aquarelas desses dois artistas, cujo papel a bordo do Beagle foi o de relatar, através da arte visual, as experiências vividas durante o levantamento geográfico da Terra do fogo e da costa (...) sul da América do Sul, sob o comando do capitão Robert FitzRoy (1805-1865). (shrink)

This edition of previously unpublished correspondence from the archive of the New York Union Theological Seminary between young Charles Augustus Briggs and his teacher Isaak August Dorner dates from the second half of the 19th century. It offers insight into the transnational idea flow and interconfessional exchange on the understanding of theology. It is supplemented by letters from August Dorner jun. to Charles Briggs and two letters of recommendation that illustrate the density of the enticing web of (...) intellectual relationships. (shrink)

Generelle Morphologie der Organismen - Allgemeine Grundzuge der organischen Formen-Wissenschaft mechanisch begrundet durch die von Charles Darwin reformierte Deskendenz-Theorie ist ein unveranderter, hochwertiger Nachdruck der Originalausgabe aus dem Jahr 1866. Hansebooks ist Herausgeber von Literatur zu unterschiedlichen Themengebieten wie Forschung und Wissenschaft, Reisen und Expeditionen, Kochen und Ernahrung, Medizin und weiteren Genres.Der Schwerpunkt des Verlages liegt auf dem Erhalt historischer Literatur.Viele Werke historischer Schriftsteller und Wissenschaftler sind heute nur noch als Antiquitaten erhaltlich. Hansebooks verlegt diese Bucher neu und (...) tragt damit zum Erhalt selten gewordener Literatur und historischem Wissen auch fur die Zukunft bei. (shrink)

There is, of course, The Given: what is given in experience. The ‘Myth Of The Given’ is just a wrong answer to the question ‘What is given?’ This paper offers a brief sketch of three possible right answers. It examines an early account by Charles Augustus Strong of why The Myth is a myth. It maintains that a natural and naturalistic version of empiricism is compatible with the fact that the Myth is a myth. It gives proper place (...) to enactivist considerations. It is ) broadly in line with the Sellarsian view as refined by John McDowell. It meets an important constraint: acknowledging the reality of something that seems at first to lend support to The Myth—i.e. the fact that we can engage in ‘non-inferential self-attribution of … sensations’ —without in any way succumbing to the Myth. (shrink)

Since the first selection of George Santayana's letters was published in 1955, shortly after his death, many more letters have been located. The Works of George Santayana, Volume V, brings together a total of more than 3,000 letters. The volume is divided chronologically into eight books of roughly comparable length. Book Two covers Santayana's first decade as a "freelance philosopher," following his resignation from Harvard University and move to Europe. Of particular interest is Santayana's continuing correspondence with the American philosopher (...) Charles Augustus Strong and with his sister Susana Sturgis de Sastre. Also included is correspondence with such notable figures as Bertrand Russell, Robert Seymour Bridges, Horace Kallen, and Logan Pearsall Smith. The correspondence covers Santayana's resignation from Harvard, his time in England during World War I, and comments on his philosophical work during this period. (shrink)

Dans cet article, nous nous proposons de souligner la proximité des philosophies de Raymond Ruyer (1902-1987) et de Charles-Augustus Strong (1862-1940). Ruyer est resté discret quant à ce qu’il retenait de sa lecture de Strong ; s’il est clair que la thèse défendue par le philosophe américain sur les rapports de la conscience et du corps a déterminé sa propre position sur le sujet, il n’est pas moins certain que d’autres thèses de Strong ont également retenu son attention. (...) Il ne s’agit pas ici de relativiser l’originalité de la philosophie ruyérienne mais bien de prendre acte de la richesse de l’une de ses sources les plus importantes et méconnues du public français. (shrink)

The calculus of relations was created and developed in the second half of the nineteenth century by Augustus De Morgan, Charles Sanders Peirce, and Ernst Schröder. In 1940 Alfred Tarski proposed an axiomatization for a large part of the calculus of relations. In the next decade Tarski's axiomatization led to the creation of the theory of relation algebras, and was shown to be incomplete by Roger Lyndon's discovery of nonrepresentable relation algebras. This paper introduces the calculus of relations (...) and the theory of relation algebras through a review of these historical developments. (shrink)

Titus Livius (59 v. Chr. - 17 n. Chr.) hat in seiner "Römischen Geschichte" die Ereignisse von der Gründung der Stadt bis zum Tod des Drusus 9 v. Chr. dargestellt. Das Werk umfasste 142 Bücher, von denen 35 erhalten sind: Buch 1-10 (bis 293 v. Chr.) und 21-45 (219-167 v. Chr.). Von den übrigen Partien haben wir neben einigen Fragmenten Kunde durch antike Inhaltsangaben und andere Auszüge sowie durch die Benutzung des livianischen Werkes bei einer Reihe späterer Historiker. Livius' Darstellung (...) der Geschichte seines Volkes steht in engem Zusammenhang mit den Bemühungen des Augustus um eine Neuordnung des römischen Staates. Seine hohe Sprach- und Darstellungskunst und sein Einfühlungsvermögen ließen ein Werk entstehen, das rasch allgemeine Anerkennung fand und die früheren Darstellungen der römischen Geschichte in Vergessenheit geraten ließ. Als Geschichtsquelle, als Zeitdokument und als Kunstwerk ist die "Römische Geschichte" des Livius von höchstem Rang. "Als Geschichtsquelle, als Zeitdokument und als Kunstwerk ist die 'Römische Geschichte' des Livius von höchstem Rang." Helvetia archaeologia "Die mustergültige Übersetzung ist eine treffende, unverzichtbare Hilfe." Lesenswert Das Gesamtwerk in 11 Bänden ist komplett lieferbar. (shrink)

Titus Livius (59 v. Chr. - 17 n. Chr.) hat in seiner "Römischen Geschichte" die Ereignisse von der Gründung der Stadt bis zum Tod des Drusus 9 v. Chr. dargestellt. Das Werk umfasste 142 Bücher, von denen 35 erhalten sind: Buch 1-10 (bis 293 v. Chr.) und 21-45 (219-167 v. Chr.). Von den übrigen Partien haben wir neben einigen Fragmenten Kunde durch antike Inhaltsangaben und andere Auszüge sowie durch die Benutzung des livianischen Werkes bei einer Reihe späterer Historiker. Livius' Darstellung (...) der Geschichte seines Volkes steht in engem Zusammenhang mit den Bemühungen des Augustus um eine Neuordnung des römischen Staates. Seine hohe Sprach- und Darstellungskunst und sein Einfühlungsvermögen ließen ein Werk entstehen, das rasch allgemeine Anerkennung fand und die früheren Darstellungen der römischen Geschichte in Vergessenheit geraten ließ. Als Geschichtsquelle, als Zeitdokument und als Kunstwerk ist die "Römische Geschichte" des Livius von höchstem Rang. Im ersten Buch seines monumentalen Geschichtswerks berichtet Livius von der Landung des Aeneas in Italien, der sagenumwobenen Gründung Roms und der Herrschaft der legendären sieben Könige bis zum Sturz der tarquinischen Gewaltherrschaft und der Einführung der Republik (509 v. Chr.). Die beiden folgenden Bücher stellen die Entwicklung bis 446 v. Chr. dar. Zunächst musste die errungene Freiheit gegen Gefährdungen von innen und außen verteidigt werden. Dann bestimmte der Ständekampf zwischen den Plebejern und den Patriziern weitgehend das Geschehen; er führte 493 v. Chr. zur Einrichtung des Volkstribunats und 451-449 v. Chr. zum Decemvirat und zur Aufzeichnung der Gesetze. Dazu sind die Kämpfe mit den benachbarten Sabinern und Etruskern, Volskern und Aequern und das Ringen um die Vormachtstellung in Latuum dargestellt. Die ersten Bücher haben den Ruhm des Livius begründet. Die Gestalten der römischen Frühzeit sind in seiner meisterhaften Darstellung zum gemeinsamen Besitz der Kulturwelt geworden. "Als Geschichtsquelle, als Zeitdokument und als Kunstwerk ist die 'Römische Geschichte' des Livius von höchstem Rang." Helvetia archaeologia "Die mustergültige Übersetzung ist eine treffende, unverzichtbare Hilfe." Lesenswert. (shrink)

The myth of the homeland -- The Nietzschean self-assertion of the German University -- The geo-politics of Heidegger's Mitteleuropa -- Heidegger's Greeks and the myth of autochthony -- Heidegger's "Nietzsche".

First published in 2014. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company.

Titus Livius (59 v. Chr. - 17 n. Chr.) hat in seiner "Römischen Geschichte" die Ereignisse von der Gründung der Stadt bis zum Tod des Drusus 9 v. Chr. dargestellt. Das Werk umfasste 142 Bücher, von denen 35 erhalten sind: Buch 1-10 (bis 293 v. Chr.) und 21-45 (219-167 v. Chr.). Von den übrigen Partien haben wir neben einigen Fragmenten Kunde durch antike Inhaltsangaben und andere Auszüge sowie durch die Benutzung des livianischen Werkes bei einer Reihe späterer Historiker. Livius' Darstellung (...) der Geschichte seines Volkes steht in engem Zusammenhang mit den Bemühungen des Augustus um eine Neuordnung des römischen Staates. Seine hohe Sprach- und Darstellungskunst und sein Einfühlungsvermögen ließen ein Werk entstehen, das rasch allgemeine Anerkennung fand und die früheren Darstellungen der römischen Geschichte in Vergessenheit geraten ließ. Als Geschichtsquelle, als Zeitdokument und als Kunstwerk ist die "Römische Geschichte" des Livius von höchstem Rang. "Als Geschichtsquelle, als Zeitdokument und als Kunstwerk ist die 'Römische Geschichte' des Livius von höchstem Rang." Helvetia archaeologia "Die mustergültige Übersetzung ist eine treffende, unverzichtbare Hilfe." Lesenswert Das Gesamtwerk in 11 Bänden ist komplett lieferbar. (shrink)

There is a widespread assumption that the universe in general, and life in particular, is 'getting more complex with time'. This book brings together a wide range of experts in science, philosophy and theology and unveils their joint effort in exploring this idea. They confront essential problems behind the theory of complexity and the role of life within it: what is complexity? When does it increase, and why? Is the universe evolving towards states of ever greater complexity and diversity? If (...) so, what is the source of this universal enrichment? This book addresses those difficult questions, and offers a unique cross-disciplinary perspective on some of the most profound issues at the heart of science and philosophy. Readers will gain insights in complexity that reach deep into key areas of physics, biology, complexity science, philosophy and religion. (shrink)

Population ethics contains several principles that avoid the repugnant conclusion. These rules rank all possible alternatives, leaving no room for moral ambiguity. Building on a suggestion of Parfit, this paper characterizes principles that provide incomplete but ethically attractive rankings of alternatives with different population sizes. All of them rank same-number alternatives with generalized utilitarianism.

ALTHOUGH I shall be attempting to examine the function of judgment, or what Aristotle called φρόνησις, in moral deliberation, I shall begin by discussing some previous opinions about what kind of importance examples have in moral experience. This strategy is only apparently circuitous. The role which one assigns to examples is symptomatic of the conception one has of judgment in moral decision-making, because the use of examples forms one way in which judgment is exercised. Indirectly, then, I shall be trying (...) to rehabilitate the significance of examples in moral deliberation. But the chief aim of this paper will be to determine both what is the function of judgment in moral deliberation and how we are to understand the activity of exercising it. (shrink)

In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:Reviewed by:Statius’ Thebaid and the Poetics of Civil WarMark MastersonCharles McNelis. Statius’ Thebaid and the Poetics of Civil War. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007. x + 203 pp. Cloth, $90.In this well-focused study, Charles McNelis gives what is due both to the poetics of Statius’ epic and to what John Henderson has called its “political intelligence” (PCPS 37 [1991]: 52). Regarding the poem as a product of its (...) time both in terms of poetics and politics, McNelis shows that Statius uses the considerable arsenal of the Latin poets’ ability to be intertextual to create a work that addresses [End Page 436] the particular situation of post–civil wars Flavian Rome. McNelis finds that Statius proposes that the epic teleology of the Golden Age’s reestablishment under Augustus that Virgil presents (albeit with some ambiguity) “has been thwarted and/or challenged, thus suggesting the fragile nature of any claim—even claims that define a society—to have brought an end to civil war” (177). Instead, Statius suggests that while it is possible for a particular civil conflict to come to an end, the results of it are ever with us and, further, that resolution comes in the form of clementia which is available to all on an individual basis from an entity that takes no blood sacrifice and is aniconic (163; Theb. 12.487–88, 493–94). A multifaceted challenge to the Virgilian/Augustan narrative of communal imperium sine fine guaranteed by Jove is manifest here.In order to make the case that Augustan/Virgilian teleology does not fit Flavian Rome, Statius’ particular strategy is a resort to Callimachus whose criticism of the epic genre had already made frequent appearances in Latin poetry. McNelis sees Statius restaging over the course of the epic the conflict that Callimachus (in Aetia 1 and elsewhere) presents between finely worked poetry and overdone epic. This conflict then reflects the presence of civil war in the literary-generic contouring of the poem. The presence of this conflict also ensures, in McNelis’ estimation, that the Thebaid is most emphatically not the “one continuous song” (Aetia 1.1.3: ) that Callimachus presents as the undesirable goal of epic composition and instead “replicate[s]” civil war “in the very fibres of the poem” (1).After the introduction, McNelis presents in the first chapter (“Gods, Humans and the Literary Tradition”) a discussion of Thebaid 1 with special attention paid to the story of Coroebus and the particularly malevolent Apollo therein. McNelis underscores in this story (significantly an aetion) the essentially hostile nature of the gods in the poem and the blending of them with chthonic forces, exemplified by Apollo’s killing of Python and his revenge, via a baby-eating monster, for the death of a baby born to a young woman he had raped. This story promises—and it is a promise that the epic delivers—that humans can hardly expect a settled existence with Jove as beneficent ruler.The second chapter (“Beginning”) foregrounds discussion of the necklace made by Vulcan, the Cyclopes, and the Telchines for Harmonia. McNelis sees in the necklace a product from the god of the forge’s workshop that comments on this epic in as serious a manner as the shields of Achilles and Aeneas comment on their respective epics. It is here that McNelis makes a key connection to the Aetia, for it is the Telchines whom Callimachus takes to task at 1.1.1. While at times he overstates the power of the necklace to cause things to happen (e.g., 51), McNelis is right to emphasize its significance. The necklace promises communal dissolution from the hands of the gods just as surely as the shield of Aeneas promises reintegration, likewise overseen by divine forces. Too, it is fitting that the poet of the Silvae would focus on a luxurious item such as this.In the third chapter (“Nemea”), McNelis sees the Callimachean aspects of the plot derail the warlike plan of Vulcan and the Telchines in the famous [End Page 437] digression at Nemea. McNelis draws the reader’s attention to the fact that the great body of water that is epic has been reduced to but... (shrink)

Research involving the vulnerable sick raises difficult challenges for investigators and Institutional Review Boards. Exactly who among the ill counts as vulnerable is a matter of judgement, and involves consideration of susceptibility to harm and capacity to provide free and informed consent. A balanced approach is required when protections are considered, and the benefits as well as the risks of research participation must be carefully weighed. A variety of protections for the vulnerable sick in research are available, including enrolling subjects (...) in a study only with a strong justification, ensuring that consent is free and comprehending, and setting limits on the risk to which they may be asked to endure. Discussion of three contemporary controversies, placebo-controlled trials in the psychiatric setting, phase I clinical trials and oncology patients, and emergency room research involving patients incapable of giving consent, highlights the little recognized prominence of risk-benefit issues in the clinical studies in the vulnerable sick. (shrink)

Dans la première moitié du xixe siècle en Angleterre, autour de Charles babbage (1791–1871), John F. W. Herschel (1792–1871), George Peacock (1791–1858), Duncan F. Gregory (1813–1844), Augustus de Morgan (1806–1871), George Boole (1815–1864), et d'autres auteurs moins connus, un réseau d'algébristes renouvelle singulièrement la conception de l'algèbre, à tel point que leur travail est le plus souvent interprété comme émergence des travaux sur l'algèbre abstraite. Comme ces algébristes sont également des réformateurs impliqués dans la réorganisation de la science, (...) il s'agira de proposer de ces travaux une lecture plus contextuelle, afin d'éclairer leur inscription parmi les effects de la Révolution industrielle (1760–1830), et d'analyser leur rôle de médiation culturelle entre les racines d'un savoir universitaire fondé sur la fidélité aux Anciens, et de nouvelles formes d'élaboration des connaissances. Une médiation marquée par un premier rapprochement entre algèbre et logique. (shrink)

This work provides the means for re-establishing the unity of science by interpreting the whole of modern experimental science from the perspective of analogous transfer of the metaphysical principle of unity rather than in terms of efficient causality.